Friday, January 31, 2014

My Days Are Numbered


(This story was published in Write to Reconcile Anthology in September, 2013)


The sun is scorching outside. It sends its angry rays through the window. Rays that once gave me warmth now irritate me. I look through the windows. Sutha walks towards the gate; her head slowly disappears into the crowd.

Being a man of thirty-five, I am not supposed to cry, yet I can’t control the pumping emotions inside my heart. I can’t control my tears. I want to wail, “Why was I given a severe punishment like this? Is it because I married Sutha without her parents’ blessings?” I am not a thug or a murderer. I am an ordinary man who wants to live happily with my family. But I am no longer the Suresh who never cried, just a patient in the Maharagama Cancer Hospital.

Sutha, my loving wife who lights up my horizon visits me every week. My kids Raji and Ramesh are always expecting me back home, asking Sutha a number of questions everyday—“Amma where is Appa? When will he come back?” Their innocent hearts do not understand that their father will never come back. When Sutha visits me next week, will I still be alive? My eyes rest on the grey clock and my mind travels back to my university days when I met her. It was in October 2000 and I was in my second year at Jaffna University, doing a special degree in Economics. We, the seniors, were sitting on benches, looking forward to the arrival of the first year newcomers, especially the beautiful girls. The first year students approached the premises fearfully. Boys and girls neatly dressed, trying to avoid the searching eyes of the seniors. A gang of seniors were at the gate bullying a group of newcomers. A boy was ordered to remove his shirt and circle a tree near him. Some boys were riding bicycles with helmets on their heads inside the university premises, a form of ragging invented by Vinoth to embarrass the new boys. A broad-shouldered boy was standing in front of the Parameswaran Temple on one leg, both hands above his head, like an ascetic. A group of girls were ordered to propose to the boy circling the tree.

My pals spotted one girl. “Hey blue churidar, come here.”

A girl slowly drew near us, her hands tightly grasping her books, drops of sweat on her forehead. She was very pretty. Her big round eyes rolled up and down with fear, her face with its chubby cheeks reminded me of the pictures of angels I had seen in my childhood text books. A feeling of warmth sparkled through me. I wanted to look into her eyes and lose myself in them.

Vinoth, known to be a strict senior, demanded, “What’s your name?”

“Su- thaa”

Sutha – a lovely name that echoed in my mind.

“Place your books on your head and do ten warm up exercises. If the books fall on the ground you should repeat it. Your exercises must include bending down with books on your head. Your time starts now, come on do it quickly.”

Sutha looked at us pleadingly.

“Come on girl, if you don’t do this you have to run around the entire premises with a load of books on your head,” Vinoth shouted.

Sutha started crying. I wanted to punch my pal.

“Machan let her go,” I said to Vinoth.

“What! We haven’t started ragging. Come on girl, do it will you,”
Vinoth snarled.

“Sutha go to your class.” I couldn’t believe my words.

She looked at me thankfully and walked quickly away. I avoided the stares of my pals and walked behind Sutha like a veil following a bride.

Soon I was Sutha’s devotee and I finally wooed her and won her love. Our love story was well known in our university. “Suresh – Sutha”, you can find our names everywhere – on the desks, benches and trees.

Sutha did a special degree in English literature and introduced me to her world of writers - Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Frost, Shelley and Keats. It was difficult for me to understand her world as I was very poor in English.

But Sutha nagged me to learn the language.

Often we would sit under our favourite Banyan tree, the gentle breeze embracing us, a pigeon cooing in the branches, and Sutha’s curls gently moving as she instructed me. Her cheeks glowed in the sunshine. I did the English exercises grudgingly, feeling burdened by them.

“Come on Suresh,” she would say, “why are you so stubborn? Please do this one.”

“Sutha we have only thirty minutes to love. I’ll do this as homework, please?”

She would squeeze my ear lovingly. “This is classwork. Quickly do it,” she’d say stroking my hair and squeezing my ear again.

I would do the exercise to receive more caresses.

Vinoth and his gang often passed us and he would crack jokes saying, “Machan, why Shakespeare? Come and shake a beer.” We would burst into laughter. Sutha taught me English every day for fifteen minutes. She covered reading, writing, listening and grammar. Soon I was able to understand her world. She narrated to me the poems and short stories she studied, moving her hands, widened eyes full of expression. I gazed intensely at her eyes as she talked and I began to love Shakespeare’s famous tragedies, especially “Romeo and Juliet.” Sutha was my Juliet. I put her on a pedestal and worshipped her as a goddess.

When we finished our University career, I joined a bank as a clerk.Sutha continued her academic career. As usual, problems arose when we decided to marry. I had loved her, forgetting that we were living in a highly caste-conscious society. Sutha belonged to an orthodox Hindu family which gave priority to caste. Her parents would never agree to this marriage as I belonged to a lower caste. My ancestors were fishermen. My grandfather went to sea and fished. Appa studied engineering at Peradeniya University and settled in Colombo. When we were living in Colombo I knew nothing about caste and divisions. But Jaffna taught me that I belong to one of the lower castes – the fishing community. Our conundrum did not look like it would ever be solved.

One day I received a letter from Sutha.

Dear Suresh,

Appa’s friend came to our house yesterday and informed him
of our love affair. I think he saw us together somewhere. Appa
is furious. His eyes are like flames. He slapped me and said,
“You idiot, have you forgotten your pedigree? How dare you
be in love with that low caste bastard. This is a well-planned
trap to mix with our caste. Are you trying to bring disgrace to
my family? Never ever imagine you can marry that scavenger.”
He does not allow me to go anywhere and is planning to
arrange a marriage for me. Suresh please do something.

Ever loving,
Sutha.

After I got over my initial shock at this sudden development, I worked out a plan with my pals and relayed it to Sutha through her friend. A week later, we were sitting in a van and waiting for Sutha near her house. In the darkness, I saw a figure coming softly down the front path. It was Sutha.

Their gate was locked, so we helped her jump over the wall. Sutha hugged me, tears trembling in her eyes. We got into the van and hurried away. The next morning we got married. At our marriage, I looked into Sutha’s eyes and promised, “You are a princess to your parents. But from today onwards you are my queen. I’ll adore you with all my heart. I’ll never ever make you cry.” Sutha’s eyes twinkled like stars as she smiled at me. I lifted her off her feet and hugged her.

Now I am a dried up river, thinking of those moments. What bloody sin have I committed to arrive at where I have?

I take my eyes away from the grey clock, to find Ranil, another patient in this ward, in front of me.

The ravages of cancer are apparent on him. He is bald. His broad shoulders indicate that he was once a strongly built man, but now his skin sags, his eyes are puffed up and his lips are dried and cracked. He was given chemotherapy last week. Cancer cells have developed even in his liver and his condition is more precarious than mine. I am surviving with blood transfusions. Although he is suffering, he always tries to be cheerful to make me happy. He is the most cheerful person I have ever met. Unlike me, he is a bachelor with no one to think about. From the first moment I met him, his face has always seemed familiar to me, though I have never met him before coming here.

He hands me a handkerchief to wipe my tears.

“Have you had your lunch?” Ranil asks trying to distract me.

“If I eat will I live longer? My fate is decided. I don’t want these meals.”

“Come on man, I am going to eat yours.”

Ranil slowly takes my plate and starts eating. I ignore his teasing. Where does he get his cheerfulness from? It is ironic that it is this man from a different race and religion who tries to cheer me up even though he too is suffering.

“Aaah…” Ranil rushes for his water bottle and drinks a gulp. “I munched a green chillie.”

“Have you been to Colombo?” Ranil asks as he carefully separates the green chillies and puts them on the side of his plate.

“Yes I lived there, but….”

“But, what?”

I stare at the ceiling. I loathed the Sinhalese after the 1983 riots. The atrocities committed to Tamil families can never be forgotten, the fear filled nights, the intense inner pain was intolerable.

Ranil waits for my response.

“Your people chased us from Colombo.”

“My people…. I have no people, no religion, no care, and no worries.”

“I am talking about your identity. People who have the same identity as yours chased us.”

“Yes it was true, but it was an organized act by some nasty politicians. Don’t blame the innocent citizens. How many Tamil families were protected by Sinhalese? They gave shelter to innocent Tamils.”

“Shelter? What the hell, we were not given shelter anywhere.”

“Didn’t you have any Sinhala neighbours?”

“We had. Our next door neighbours were Sinhalese. But they remained silent when the thugs entered our house and set it on fire.” Ranil gets up and washes his hand at the sink. He comes to sit on my bed. “I am sorry. Where did you live in Colombo?” Ranil wants to dig into my past and I am happy to give vent to my feelings of hatred. “We lived in Wellawatte.” Ranil moves his lips, mouthing the name. My mind is so absorbed in the past, I barely notice him.

“My Appa was an engineer at the State Engineering Cooperation. Amma, Appa, my sister Kavi, Kumar Uncle, my Amma’s brother, and I lived a comfortable life. Our next door neighbours were the Jayawardene family. They were caring, helpful and considerate neighbours. We celebrated festivals together. Amma and Dinali aunty always exchanged their special festival food. The Jayawardenes never missed celebrating Diwali and Pongal with us.”

Ranil’s eyes widen and he murmurs something but I barely notice, lost in my story.

“My sole play mate was Wije, the Jayewardenes’ son, a chubby little boy with a round face and curly hair. He was fairer than me. He was a lover of chocolates and spicy items. As a result he was blessed with a little tummy. We teased him, calling him ‘tummy boy.’ He was one year younger than me. Wije came to our house on weekdays and I was at his house on weekends. Wije ate at my house and I at his. We built little mud houses. Wije had a kitchen set and we made mud rice and curry. He was the cheerful leader. When making mud rice and curry, he was the one who led. He would say, ‘Suresh, bring water quickly, no don’t put mud now. We’ll do it later.’ ‘Wije I want to add some mud,’ I would beg, but he would insist and I always obeyed because even his orders were cheerful.

“Kumudini Aunty, Wije’s aunt, sometimes joined us, helping to make mud cakes. Wije and I were sometimes taken to Wellawatte beach by Kumar Uncle and Kumudini Aunty. We would cling to their hands and loved the evening walks. We would carefully cross the railway track and step onto Wellawatte beach. The evening sun, at that time, was slowly embracing the calm sea. The beach and rocks were crowded with people. An old man walking on the shore, always greeted us. A few children would be playing in the sea, splashing water on each other’s faces, umbrella lovers cuddled together behind the shrubs and bushes. Wije and I would start building sand houses while Kumar Uncle and Kumudini Aunty sat on a rock and talked. In between chatting, their eyes rested on us. They would hold hands and Kumar Uncle would sometimes move Kumudini Aunty’s curls behind her ears. She in return adjusted his collar.

“Once, when they were sitting like this, Kumudini Aunty suddenly started crying. Wije and I gazed at each other alarmed, as Kumar Uncle wiped her cheeks with his hands. We turned our heads from them and concentrated on our sand house.

“That was the last trip to Wellawatte beach with them. After that we were not allowed to go. Amma warned me, ‘Suresh, Appa is angry with you, don’t upset him.’ Wije and I felt that our families were not like before. Appa and Jayawardene Uncle talked less.

“Kumar Uncle introduced a new game to us called letter-passing. ‘Suresh give this letter to Wije, he will give it to Kumudini Aunty. She will send a reply tomorrow through Wije, and Suresh bring it to me. Remember this is a secret game. The important rule of this game is that the letters must not be shown to anybody. Keep this secret.’

“The letter-passing game was very interesting. We ran up and down passing the notes. One day, Malini Aunty, the shop uncle’s wife asked me, ‘Suresh, what’s going on between Kumudini and Kumar? Affair?’ The word ‘affair’ was new to me. I shrugged my shoulders and ran to Wije to clear my doubts. Wije rolled his eyes when I said ‘affair.’ ‘I don’t know Suresh.’ Wije curled his lips, dismissively. 

“A few days later, it was the Sinhala and Tamil New Year. We wore new clothes and decorated our house with flowers. Sweets and fruits filled our table and Amma and Dinali Aunty exchanged sweets. Later, Wije came to our house and lit crackers with me. Everything was going well, when suddenly we heard a roar. Jayawardene uncle appeared with Kumar Uncle, his hand grasping his collar as he dragged him up our front path. Amma ran to rescue him. Jayawardene Uncle shouted angrily and pushed Kumar Uncle towards us. ‘I caught him red handed.’ ‘What happened?’ Appa who had come out demanded. ‘What happened?’ Jayawardene Uncle replied. ‘He was trying to abuse my sister.’ ‘Mind your words I was talking with her,’ Kumar uncle cried, raising his voice. ‘You rascal, were you talking?’ Jayawardene Uncle retorted. Appa stared at Kumar Uncle angrily, then turned towards Jayawardene Uncle. ‘Why are you shouting here? Go and warn your sister. The fault is on both sides.’ Jayawardene Uncles face became red and he cried back, ‘You Tamils are schemers. You are trying to creep into our family.’ ‘Ha!’Appa retorted. ‘We don’t want a relationship with your family. Kumar will not disturb your sister anymore. I will be responsible for that. You’d better go and keep an eye on your sister.’ Jayawardene Uncle grabbed the crackers in Wije’s hands, threw them away, then took his son’s arm and hurried back to their house.

“Wije and I were not allowed to speak to each other. Appa ordered me, ‘Suresh, don’t go to that Sinhala house. Always remember you are a Tamil, a minority race. You can never mix with them - those domineering tyrants.’ But Wije sneaked from his house and came to see me. His eyes were filled with horror. ‘Suresh, Thathi told me not to speak with you. He slapped Kumudini Aunty. She is crying constantly. Her condition is so pathetic. Thathi says Kumudini Aunty and Kumar Uncle are in love. The letters we exchanged are their love letters. Thathi scolded me severely for being a go-between. He is going to send Kumudini Aunty to Kandy and planning to get her married to her cousin. I don’t think I can meet you and play with you anymore.

Whenever I get a chance I’ll run to see you. Bye.’ Wije ran away and I watched his head disappear into the trees. He never turned up. That was our last meeting.

A few days later, Appa sent Kumar Uncle to Jaffna. The black days of July 1983, that put an end to our existence in Colombo, came a few months later. The shop uncle came early morning and warned us that Tamils all over Colombo were being attacked, their houses prey to looters who set them on fire. We locked our doors and stayed inside the whole day. Our house was filled with fear and trauma. Amma began chanting all the mantras to the Gods and Goddesses. We huddled together in our shrine room. It was midnight, then two o’ clock. A loud bang on our door shook us. I held Amma’s hand tightly. Another loud blow! My heart was pounding and we were all sweating. My sister Kavi started crying. Amma closed her mouth and held her tightly. We heard harsh male voices outside. ‘Kowtha athula? Dora arinda.’ One final loud blow, our door cracked open. My hands shivered. Throat dry, I closed my eyes. A group of men were searching for us. They shouted, ‘Eliyatta varella.’ The sound of  footsteps drew near. The door crashed open and the men were in front of us, laughing greedily. They were like ferocious lions eagerly staring at prey. All of them had big iron sticks and swords. They dragged us from the shrine room. We wailed helplessly. A big fat man put his sword on Appa’s neck. We sobbed loudly and Amma knelt down, pleading with him. ‘Sshhhhh palayang eliyatta.’ He gestured for us to leave. One man took us outside our house and ordered us to stay near the gate. He stood guard over us. The other men threw all our possessions into the middle of our hall, poured kerosene on the pile, then lit a fire. Our house burned and turned into ashes in front of our eyes. Our possessions and treasures gone forever. I looked at Wije’s house. They were inside, but no one came out to us, not even Wije. And so we fled to Jaffna as soon as everything was normal, in search of peace and familiarity.”

Ranil’s gaze is fixed on me, as I return to the present. Tears glisten in his eyes. He moves closer and takes my hand.

“Suresh I am your Wije, your childhood pal who failed to embrace you when you were in danger. My pet name was Wije. Ranil Jayawardene is my real name. So I introduced myself as Ranil to you. My parents died years ago. I remained single. Kumudini Aunty married her cousin. He was an Army soldier. He died in the war. How is Kumar Uncle?”

I am wordless. I can’t believe my ears.

“Kumar Uncle never married,” I finally say. “He was fed up with the government and the majority race. He joined the LTTE. We don’t know what happened to him.”

We look through the window, digesting the truths we have revealed. A volunteer group who comes to help cancer patients, is chatting happily with the other patients in our ward– a Tamil man, a Sinhala girl, and a Muslim woman. I look at Wije. He smiles slightly, both of us understanding the same thing.

Kumar Uncle and Kumudini Aunty could not marry because of race, I struggled to marry Sutha, even though we belong to the same race. But people, in the end, are the same when death is at their gates.


All Rights Reserved © Saambavi Sivaji   

Saturday, January 18, 2014

роХрогிродро╡ிропро▓ாро│ா்

ропாро┤்рокாрогроо் рокро░ுрод்родிрод்родுро▒ைропைрок் рокிро▒рок்рокிроЯрооாроХроХ் роХொрог்роЯ роЕро┤роХு роЪுрок்ро░роорогிропроо் роОройுроо் рокிро░рокро▓  роОро┤ுрод்родாро│ро░ாро▓் 1950 роХாро▓рок்рокроХுродிроХро│ிро▓் роОро┤ுродрок்рокроЯ்роЯThe MathematicianроОройுроо் роЖроЩ்роХிро▓ роЪிро▒ுроХродைропை родрооிро┤ாроХ்роХроо்  роЪெроп்ропுроо் роТро░ு рооுропро▒்роЪி. роЗроЩ்роХு рокிро░роЪுро░ிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுро╡родு роОройродு родрооிро┤ாроХ்роХрод்родிрой் роЪுро░ுроЩ்роХிроп ро╡роЯிро╡роо்.




роЕродு роТро░ு роиிро▓ро╡ிро▓் роТро│ிро░்рои்род роЗро░ро╡ு. роЕрои்роироХро░род்родிрой் родெро░ுроХ்роХро│ிро▓் роЕроЩ்роХுрооிроЩ்роХுрооாроХ роороХ்роХро│் роХூроЯ்роЯроо். роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுро│் рокுродிродாроХ родிро░ுроорогрооாрой роТро░ு родроо்рокродிропிройро░். роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЗро░ுро╡ро░ுроо் роЕро░ுроХро░ுроХே роЪெро▓்ро▓ро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை. роЕроХ்роХрогро╡рой் рооройைро╡ிропை ро╡ிроЯ роТро░ு роЕроЯி рооுрой்ройாроЯி роироЯроХ்роХிро▒ாрой். роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЙро░ைропாроЯро▓் роЪро▒்ро▒ு рооுро▒ைроЪாро░் роТро┤ுроЩ்роХிро▓் роироЯைрокெро▒ுроХிро▒родு. роЗро░ுро╡ро░ுроо் рокроЯிрод்родро╡ро░்роХро│் рокோрой்ро▒ு роХாроЯ்роЪி родро░ுроХிрой்ро▒ройро░்.


роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХிроЯைропிро▓ாрой роЕрои்род роЗроЯைро╡ெро│ி родро╡ிро░்роХ்роХроХ் роХூроЯிропродாроХ роЗро░ுрок்рокிройுроо் роЕроХ்роХрогро╡рой் рооுрой்ройே роЪெро▓்ро╡родро▒்роХு рооுрой்ройுро░ிрооை роХொроЯுрок்рокро╡рой் рокோро▓ родோро▒்ро▒рооро│ிрод்родாрой்.

роЕрок்рокெрог்рогிройுроЯைроп роХрогро╡рой் роЪрои்родிро░роо் роЙропро░்родро░рооாрогро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роХрогிродроо் роХро▒்рокிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░். роЕро╡ро░ுроЯைроп роХро▓்ро╡ிроЪாро░் родроХрооைроХро│் роТро░ு ро╡ிро░ிро╡ுро░ைропாро│ро░ாроХ роЗро░ுрок்рокродро▒்роХு родроХுродி ро╡ாроп்рои்родро╡ைроЪрои்родிро░рооிрой் роиோроХ்роХроо் роХூроЯ роЕродுро╡ாроХро╡ே роЗро░ுрои்родродு.

роЪுрокрод்ро░ா, роЪрои்родிро░рооிрой் рооройைро╡ி родிроЯீро░ெрой்ро▒ு роОродைропோ роиிройைро╡ுроХூро░்ро╡родு рокோро▓் родெро░ிрои்родродு.
роОрой்рой ропோроЪிроХ்роХிро▒ாроп்?” роЪрои்родிро░роо் роЪுрокрод்ро░ாро╡ிроЯроо் роХேроЯ்роЯாро░்.

роиாрой் Tamarind рокாроЯроЪாро▓ைропிро▓ роХро│ிрод்род роиாроЯ்роХро│ைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி ропோроЪிроХ்роХிро▒ேрой். роЕроЩ்роХ рокாро░ுроЩ்роХோ роЕрои்род роЪுро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு рооேро▓ роТро░ு рокிро▓்роЯிроЩ் родெро░ிропுродெро▓்ро▓ோ

роУроо்

роЕроЩ்роХ родாрой் роиாрой் рокроЯிроЪ்роЪройாрой்

родро░роХро░் роЪொрой்ройро╡ро░் роиீ рокроЯிроЪ்роЪ рокொроо்рокிро│ை роОрог்роЯு. роиீ роХройроХ்роХ рокроЯிроЪ்роЪройிропோ ?”

роиாрой் Third Form ро╡ро░ைропுроо் рокроЯிроЪ்роЪройாрой். Junior Cambridge Examination роОро▓்ро▓ாроо் рокாро╕் рокрог்рог ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் роОрог்роЯு роиிройைроЪ்роЪройாрой். роЖройாро▓் роЕродுроХ்роХிроЯைропிро▓  роХро▓்ропாрогроо் рокрог்рогி ро╡роЪ்роЪிроЯ்роЯிройроо்

роЙройроХ்роХு роПрооாро▒்ро▒рооா роЗро░ுроХ்роХேро▓்ро▓ைропோ?”

роЗро▓்ро▓ை, роЗро▓்ро▓ை”   роЪрои்родிро░ роТро│ிропிро▓் роЕро╡ро│родு рокро▒்роХро│் рокро│ிроЪ்роЪிроЯ роЪிро░ிрод்родாро│் роЪுрокрод்ро░ா

роиீ роХрогроХ்роХுроо் рокроЯிроЪ்роЪройிропா?”

роУроо் роиாрой் роЕроЯ்роЪро░ роХрогிродроо், роХேрод்родிро░  роХрогிродроо் роОро▓்ро▓ாроо் рокроЯிроЪ்роЪройாрой்.”

роЪро░ி роЪрооாрои்родро░роХ்роХோроЯுроХро│் роОрог்роЯா  роОрой்рой?”

роЪрооாрои்родро░роХ் роХோроЯுроХро│் роТрой்ро▒ை роТрой்ро▒ு роТро░ுрокோродுроо் роЪрои்родிроХ்роХாродு

роЗродு рооிроХроЪ் роЪро░ிропாрой роЯெрокிройிро╖рой் роЗро▓்ро▓ை. роиீ роЪொро▓்ро▓ுро▒родு

роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯை роХрогிродроо்  рокроЯிроЪ்роЪாроХ்роХро│்  роЪொро▓்ро▓ுро▒ рооாродிро░ி роЗро░ுроХ்роХு

роЕрок்рок роиீроЩ்роХро│் роОрок்рокிроЯி роЪொро▓்ро▓ுро╡ீроЩ்роХро│்?”

роЪроорои்родро░роХ்роХோроЯுроХро│் роТрой்ро▒ை роТрой்ро▒ு рооுроЯிро╡ிро▓ிропிро▓் роЪрои்родிроХ்роХுроо். роЪுрокрод்ро░ா роиாрой் роТро░ு роХрогிрод рооேродை родெро░ிропுрооா?”

роУроо் роиீроЩ்роХро│் роиро▓்ро▓ாрок் рокроЯிроЪ்роЪ роЖро│்роЪுрокрод்ро░ாро╡ிрой் рокродிро▓்

роиீропுроо் рокроЯிроЪிро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாроп் роЖройாро▓் роХройроХ்роХ роЗро▓்ро▓ை. рокொроо்рокிро│ைропро│ுроХ்роХு роХройроХ்роХрок் рокроЯிрок்рокு родேро╡ை роЗро▓்ро▓ை.”

рооீрог்роЯுроо் роЪுрокрод்ро░ா рокுрой்ройроХைрод்родாро│். роЕро╡ро│ுроЯைроп ро╡ெро│்ро│ைрок் рокро▒்роХро│் роЪрои்родிро░ройை ро╡ிроЯрок் рокிро░роХாроЪрооாроХ роЗро░ுрои்родрой. роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родொроЯро░்рои்родு роироЯрои்родройро░். роЪрои்родிро░рооிрой் рокிрой்ройாро▓் роЪுрокрод்ро░ா.
     
родொроЯро░்рои்род ро╡ро░ுроЯроЩ்роХро│ிро▓் роЪрои்родிро░рооிрой் роиாроЯ்роЯроо் рооுро┤ுро╡родுрооாроХ роХрогிродрод்родிро▓ேропே роХாрогрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு. роЪுрокрод்ро░ா роЪрои்родிро░рооிроЯроо்  родрой்ройுроЯைроп ро╡ிро░ுрок்рокроЩ்роХро│ை ро╡ாро░்род்родைроХро│ாро▓ோроЕро▓்ро▓родு роЪெропро▓்роХро│ாро▓ோ роТро░ு рокோродுроо் ро╡ெро│ிрок்рокроЯுрод்родிропродிро▓்ро▓ை. роТро░ு рооройைро╡ி роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роЗро░ுроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо்  роОрой роЪрооூроХроо் ро╡роХுрод்родு ро╡ைрод்род ро╡ிродிрооுро▒ைроХро│ைрод் родро╡ро▒ாродு рокிрой்рокро▒்ро▒ிройாро│். роЪрои்родிро░роо் родிро░ுроорог ро╡ாро┤்роХ்роХைропை рооுро▒்ро▒ாроХ роЙродாроЪீройроо் роЪெроп்родாро░் роОрой்ро▒ுроо் роХூро▒ рооுроЯிропாродு. роПройெройிро▓் родொроЯро░்роЪ்роЪிропாрой роЗроЯைро╡ெро│ிроХро│ிро▓் роЪுрокрод்ро░ா роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ைрок் рокெро▒்ро▒ெроЯுрод்родாро│்.

роЪрои்родிро░роо் родாрой் роТро░ு роХрогிрод рооேродை роОройுроо் роХூро▒்ро▒ிро▒்роХு роЪுрокрод்ро░ாро╡ை роЕроЯி рокрогிроп ро╡ைрод்родாро░். роЪрои்родிро░рооிрой் ро╡ாро┤்роХ்роХைропை роХрогிродрод்родிрой் роЕроЯிрок்рокроЯைропிро▓ேропே родீро░்рооாройிроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯுроо் рооாро▒ாроХ роЪாродாро░рог рооройிродро░்роХро│ிрой் роЪрооூроХ ро╡ாро┤்роХ்роХைропோроЯு роЕро▓்ро▓.

роЪрои்родிро░роо் роиீрог்роЯ родூро░роо் роироЯை рокропрогроо் роЪெро▓்ро╡родு ро╡ро┤роХ்роХроо். роЕро╡ро░் ро╡ீроЯு родிро░ுроо்рокுроо்рокோродு роЪுрокрод்ро░ா роиீроЩ்роХро│் роЙроЩ்роХро│ுроЯைроп роирог்рокро░்роХро│் ропாро░ைропாро╡родு роЪрои்родிрод்родீро░்роХро│ா роОройроХ் роХேроЯ்роЯாро▓் роЕро╡ро░ுроЯைроп рокродிро▓் "роЗро▓்ро▓ை роиாрой் роХрогிродрод்родிрой் рокாродைропிро▓் роироЯрои்родு роХொрог்роЯிро░ுрои்родேрой்." роОрой்рокродாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо்.

роЪрои்родிро░роо் родрой்ройுроЯைроп роЕропро▓ро╡ро░், роЙро▒ро╡ிройро░்роХро│ுроЯрой் роЕроЯிроХ்роХроЯி роЪрог்роЯைропிроЯுро╡ாро░். роПройைропோро░ிро▓் роОрок்рокோродுроо் рокிро┤ை роХрог்роЯு рокிроЯிрок்рокாро░். Calculus роЗро▓் роХாрогрок்рокроЯுроо் роХроЯிройрооாрой роХрогிрод்родро▓்роХро│ைроХ் роХூроЯ роЗро▓роХுро╡ாроХ роЪெроп்родு рооுроЯிроХ்роХுроо் роЪрои்родிро░роо், рокро▓роЪро░роХ்роХு роХроЯைропிро▓் рокொро░ுроЯ்роХро│் ро╡ாроЩ்роХுроо் рокோродு роороЯ்роЯுроо் роХூроЯ்роЯро▓் рокிро┤ை ро╡ிроЯுро╡ாро░்родрой்ройுроЯைроп роХுро┤рои்родைроХро│ை рооுро▒்ро▒ாроХ роиிро░ாроХро░ிрод்родாро░்

родрой்ройுроЯைроп роХрогро╡рой் роТро░ு роиிропூроЯ்роЯройாроХро╡ோ ро░ாрооாройுроЬрооாроХро╡ோ ро╡ро░ுро╡ாро░். роЖроХро╡ே роЕро╡ро░ுроЯைроп родро╡ро▒ுроХро│ை роЪро▒்ро▒ே ро╡ிро▓роХ்роХி роЕро╡ро░ை роТро░ு роХрогிрод рооேродைропாроХ роороЯ்роЯுроо் роиோроХ்роХுрооாро▒ு роЪுрокрод்ро░ா роЙро▒ро╡ிройро░்роХро│ிроЯрооுроо் роирог்рокро░்роХро│ிроЯрооுроо் ро╡ேрог்роЯிроХ்роХொро│்ро╡ாро│். роЪрои்родிро░рооிро▒்роХேро▒்ро▒ாро▒்рокோро▓் родрой்ройை рооாро▒்ро▒ிроХ் роХொрог்роЯாро│்.

роЪрои்родிро░роо் роТро░ு роЕроЪாродாро░рог рооройிродро░ைрок் рокோро▓் родோро▒்ро▒рооро│ிрод்родாро░். роТрой்ро▒ுроХ்роХொрой்ро▒ு рооுро░рогாрой роХாро▓рогிроХро│ை роЕрогிро╡ாро░். роирог்рокро░்роХро│ை ро╡ீроЯ்роЯிро▒்роХு роЕро┤ைрод்родு ро╡ிроЯ்роЯு роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рооுро▒்ро▒ுроХைропிроЯுроо் роиேро░роо் роХрогிродрод்родிро▓் роиீро░ாроЯроЪ் роЪெрой்ро▒ு ро╡ிроЯுро╡ாро░்.роХроЯுрооைропாрой рооро┤ை роиாроЯ்роХро│ிро▓் роиீрог்роЯ родூро░роо் роироЯрои்родு роЪெро▓்ро╡ாро░். роХроЯிройрооாрой роХрогроХ்роХுроХро│ை  роЗро▓роХுро╡ாроХроХ் роХрогிрок்рокродро▒்роХாрой ро╡ро┤ிрооுро▒ைроХро│ைроХ் роХрог்роЯுрокிроЯிрод்родாро░். роЪрои்родிро░рооிрой் роХுро▒ிроХ்роХோро│ுроо் роиிро▒ைро╡ேро▒ிропродு. роЗро╡ро░родு роХрогிродрок் рокுро▓рооைроХ்роХு роЙро▓роХро│ாро╡ிроХ ро░ீродிропிро▓் ро╡ிро░ுродுроо் роХிроЯைрод்родродு. роЕродрой் ро╡ிро│ைро╡ாроХ роХொро┤ுроо்рокு рокро▓்роХро▓ைроХ்роХро┤роХрод்родிро▓் рокேро░ாроЪிро░ிропро░ாроХро╡ுроо் роиிропрооிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯாро░்.

роЪрои்родிро░рооிрой் роХрогிрод ро╡ாро┤்роХ்роХைроХ்роХு рокро▓்роХро▓ைроХ்роХро┤роХроо் роЗроЯроо் роХொроЯுроХ்роХро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை. роПройைроп рокேро░ாроЪிро░ிропро░்роХро│ைрок் рокாро░்роХ்роХ роЪрои்родிро░рооுроХ்роХுрок் рокொро▒ாрооைропாроХ роЗро░ுрои்родродு. роЕройைро╡ро░ுроо் родроЩ்роХро│ுроЯைроп родுро▒ை родро╡ிро░்рои்род ро╡ேро▒ு родுро▒ைроХро│ிро▓ுроо் роиிрокுрогрод்родுро╡роо் ро╡ாроп்рои்родро╡ро░்роХро│ாроХроХ்  роХாрогрок்рокроЯ்роЯройро░்.

роТро░ு роиாро│் роЪрои்родிро░роо் родройродு рооாрогро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு родாрой் ро╡ைрод்род рокропிро▒்роЪிрок்  рокро░ீроЯ்роЪைропை рооேро▒்рокாро░்ро╡ை роЪெроп்родு роХொрог்роЯிро░ுрои்родாро░். роЕройைрод்родு рооாрогро╡ро░்роХро│ுроо் родீро╡ிро░рооாроХ рокро░ீроЯ்роЪை роОро┤ுродிроХ் роХொрог்роЯிро░ுрои்родройро░். роТро░ு рооாрогро╡ройிрой் ро╡ிроЯைрод்родாро│் роороЯ்роЯுроо் ро╡ெро▒ுрооைропாроХроХ் роХாрогрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு. роЪрои்родிро░роо் роЕроо்рооாрогро╡ройை роиெро░ுроЩ்роХிройாро░். роЕро╡ройுроЯைроп ро╡ிроЯைрод்родாро│ிро▓் роЗро░рог்роЯு ро╡ро░ிроХро│் роороЯ்роЯுрооே роХாрогрок்рокроЯ்роЯрой. роЕроо்рооாрогро╡ройிрой் роХைропை ро╡ிроЯைрод்родாро│ிро│ிро░ுрои்родு рокро▓ро╡рои்родрооாроХ ро╡ிро▓роХ்роХி рооுродро▓ாро╡родு ро╡ро░ிропை ро╡ாроЪிрод்родாро░்.

роЪрои்родிро░роо் + роХрогிродроо் = рооுроЯிро╡ிро▓ி

роЪрои்родிро░рооிрой் рооுроХроо் роОрой்ро▒ுрооிро▓்ро▓ாродро╡ாро▒ு рокிро░роХாроЪிрод்родродு. роорог்роЯрокрод்родிро▓் роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪிропாроХ роироЯрои்родாро░். “роиிропூроЯ்роЯрой், ро░ாрооாройுроЬроо், роЪрои்родிро░роо், роЪрои்родிро░роо் роиிропூроЯ்роЯрой், ро░ாрооாройுроЬроо்роЪрои்родிро░роо் рооீрог்роЯுроо் рооீрог்роЯுроо் роЗро╡்ро╡ாро░்род்родைроХро│ை рооройродாро░ роЙроЪ்роЪро░ிрод்родாро░்.

родிроЯீро░ெрой்ро▒ு роПродோ роЪிрои்родройை ро╡ропрок்рокроЯ்роЯро╡ро░் рокோро▓ роЕроо்рооாрогро╡ройை роиோроХ்роХி ро╡ிро░ைрои்родாро░். роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு ро╡ро░ிропைроХ் роХாрог்рокிроХ்роХுрооாро▒ு роЕро╡ройை ро╡ро▒்рокுро▒ுрод்родிройாро░். роЗро░рог்роЯாро╡родு ро╡ро░ிропை ро╡ாроЪிрод்родாро░்.

роЪрои்родிро░роо் - роХрогிродроо் = рокூроЪ்роЪிропроо்

роЪрои்родிро░рооிрой் рооுроХроо் роЗро░ுрог்роЯродு. родройродு роЙроЯрооைроХро│் роЕройைрод்родைропுроо் роЗро┤рои்родро╡ா் рокோро▓் рокро▓்роХро▓ைроХ்роХро┤роХрод்родை ро╡ிроЯ்роЯு роироЯрои்родாро░்.

роЪுрокрод்ро░ா роОроЩ்роХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாроп்?” роЪрои்родிро░ройிрой் роЕро▓ро▒ро▓்

роЗроЩ்роХ роЙроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХுрок் рокிрой்ройாро▓ роиிроХ்роХிро▒рой்“

роЪுрокрод்ро░ாро╡ை ро╡ெро│ிропே роЗро┤ுрод்родு ро╡рои்родாро░் роЪрои்родிро░роо்

 роЙро░род்род роХுро░ро▓ிро▓் роЪрои்родிро░роо் + роХрогிродроо் =  роОрой்рой?” роОрой்ро▒ு роХேроЯ்роЯாро░்

роЪெроп்ро╡родро▒ிропாродு роЪுрокрод்ро░ா. рооுроЯிро╡ிро▓ிропைрок் рокро▒்ро▒ி роЕро╡ро│் роЕро▒ிрои்родிро░ுрои்родாро▓ுроо் родрой்ройுроЯைроп роЕро▒ிро╡ிро▒்роХேро▒்ро▒ாро▒் рокோро▓் ро╡ிро│роХ்роХрооро│ிрод்родாро│்.

роЪрои்родிро░роо் + роХрогிродроо் роОрог்роЯாро▓் роХроЯро▓ைропுроо் ро╡ிроЯрок் рокெро░ிропродு.”

роЕро░ுрооை роиீ роиро▓்ро▓ ро╡роЯிро╡ா ро╡ிро│роХ்роХроо் роЪொро▓்ро▓ுро▒ாроп்роЪுрокрод்ро░ாро╡ை роЕрой்рокாроХ роХроЯ்роЯி роЕрогைрод்родாро░் роЪрои்родிро░роо்.

роХрогро╡ройாроХ роЗро░ுрои்родாро▓ுроо் роХூроЯ рокொродு роЗроЯроЩ்роХро│ிро▓் родрой்ройுроЯைроп роЙрогро░்ро╡ுроХро│ை ро╡ெро│ிрок்рокроЯுрод்родроХ்роХூроЯாродு роОройுроо் роХோроЯ்рокாроЯ்роЯிрой் роХீро┤் ро╡ро│ро░்род்родெроЯுроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роЪுрокрод்ро░ா роЪрои்родிро░рооிрой் роХро░роЩ்роХро│ை ро╡ிро▓роХ்роХிройாро│். роЗро╡ро░் роПрой் роЗрог்роЯைроХ்роХு ро╡ிрод்родிропாроЪрооா роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்? роЗро▓்ро▓ роЗро▓்ро▓ роЗро╡ро░் роТро░ு рооேродை роЕродு родாрой் роЕрок்рокிроЯி роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாро░். роЪுрокрод்ро░ா родрой்ройை роЪрооாродாройрок்рокроЯுрод்родிроХ் роХொрог்роЯாро│்.

роЪுрокрод்ро░ா

роУроо் рок்ро░ொрокெроЪро░்

роЗрок்рок роЪொро▓்ро▓ு  роЪрои்родிро░роо்роХрогிродроо்= роОрой்рой?”

роЕродு роЪро░ிропாрой роИроЪி роиீроЩ்роХ роХрогிродроо் роЗро▓்ро▓ாроЯ்роЯி роТрог்роЯுрооே роЗро▓்ро▓ை

роЪрои்родிро░роо் роЪுрокрод்ро░ாро╡ை роЖро╡ேроЪрооாрой ро╡ாро░்род்родைроХро│ாро▓்  родிроЯ்роЯிройாро░். роЗро░ு роХைроХро│ைропுроо் рооேро▓ே роЙропро░்род்родி роЙро░род்род родொройிропிро▓் роЪрод்родрооிроЯ роЖро░роо்рокிрод்родாро░். роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЗро░ுро╡ро░ைропுроо் роЪுро▒்ро▒ி роТро░ு рокெро░ிроп роХூроЯ்роЯроо். роЪிро▓ро░் роЪрои்родிро░роо் рокைрод்родிропрооாроХி ро╡ிроЯ்роЯாро░் роОройроХ் роХூро▒ிройாро░். ро╡ேро▒ு роЪிро▓ро░் роЗродு рооேродைроХро│ுроХ்роХு роЕроЯிроХ்роХроЯி ро╡ро░ுроо் рокிро░роЪ்роЪройை роЪிро▓ роиொроЯிроХро│ிро▓் роЪро░ிропாроХி ро╡ிроЯுроо் роОрой ро╡ிро╡ாродிрод்родройро░். роПройைропோро░் роЪрои்родிро░роо் роХொро╕்рооிроХ் роироЯройроо் роЖроЯுроХிро▒ாро░் роОрой родீро╡ிро░рооாроХ роироо்рокிройாро░்.

роЪрои்родிро░роо் роХூроЯ்роЯрод்родைрок் рокிроп்род்родுроХ்роХொрог்роЯு рокро▓்роХро▓ைроХ்роХро┤роХ родுрогைро╡ேрои்родро░ிрой்  ро╡ீроЯ்роЯை роиோроХ்роХி роУроЯிройாро░். родрой்ройுроЯைроп роЗро░ு роХேро│்ро╡ிроХро│ுроХ்роХுроо் рокродிро▓் роЪொро▓்ро▓ுрооாро▒ு роЕро╡ро░ை роЙро▓ுрок்рокிройாро░். рокро▓роиிрооிроЯ рокிро░ропрод்родройрод்родிрой் рокிро▒்рокாроЯு родுрогைро╡ேрои்родро░் роЙродро╡ிропாроЯ்роХро│ிрой் роЕройுроЪро░рогைропுроЯрой் роЪрои்родிро░рооை ро╡ாроХройрод்родிро▓் роПро▒்ро▒ி рооройроиро▓ рооро░ுрод்родுро╡рооройைроХ்роХு ро╡ிро░ைрои்родாро░்.

роЪுрокрод்ро░ாро╡ை роЪிро▓ рокெрог்роХро│் роХூроЯ்роЯிроЪ் роЪெро▓்ро╡родை ро╡ாроХройрод்родிройுாроЯாроХ роЕро╡родாройிрод்род роЪрои்родிро░роо் роЪுрокрод்ро░ாро╡ை роиோроХ்роХி роЕро▓ро▒ிройாро░்.

роЪрои்родிро░роо் роиீроЩ்роХ роЪுрокрод்ро░ாро╡ை роЗрок்рок рокாроХ்роХேро▓ாродுроХрог்роЯிрок்рокாрой роХுро░ро▓ிро▓் родுрогைро╡ேрои்родா்.

роЪро░ி роТро░ு рокிро░роЪ்роЪிройைропுроо் роЗро▓்ро▓ை. роиாрой் роЕро╡ро│ை рооுроЯிро╡ிро▓ிропிро▓் роЪрои்родிроХ்роХிро▒ேрой்.”
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